The Baking Sheet - Issue #130

December 16, 2022

From Manchester to Lima, Tezos is globe trotting

Welcome to this week's issue of The Baking Sheet! As we're winding down 2022, its a great time for reflection and observe the progress that has been made. It's been a wild year, lots of surprises, twists, ups, and downs in this space but we are still here building. We will continue to build as Tezos continues it path to being the one chain that rules of them all.

This week we are focusing on one of the biggest NFT drops for Tezos and the future of the protocol -- Let's dive in

Manchester United X Tezos

Manchester United, one of the biggest clubs in world soccer, has launched its first collection of non-fungible tokens powered by proof-of-stake blockchain Tezos.

Fans are required to sign in using their Tezos wallets in order to claim NFTs. Digital collectibles are stored in one's wallet and can be traced on the blockchain. The club's first digital collectible is a key that offers fans access to a slew of rewards free of charge. Keys are divided into three groups based on their rarity (Classic Key, Rare Key and Ultra Rare). They will be distributed to the club's fans at random. United announced the NFT project in mid-November, describing it as a gift to fans.

The club's first digital collectible is a key that offers fans access to a slew of rewards free of charge. Keys are divided into three groups based on their rarity (Classic Key, Rare Key and Ultra Rare). They will be distributed to the club's fans at random. United announced the NFT project in mid-November, describing it as a gift to fans.

The English Premier League football team also announced that it would create a virtual world that would be connected to its official Discord. The rewards promoted by the club include access to various competitions as well as exclusive Discord channels. Key holders will also be able to gain access to the club's yet-to-be-released NFTs that are coming soon. Users who managed to get the rarest keys will also be able to obtain the most exclusive rewards.

The setup and claim process is very seamless, powered by Kukai, all you have to do is connect with your wallet via social or email, claim the the key NFT, and you are ready to unlock future collectibles. It all takes ~ two minutes to become part of history of this iconic club's first NFT offering

Lima Arrival: 48 hours

This week Tezos will enter the Lima era, the 12th Tezos protocol upgrade voted on by the community that introduces significant features. There is no other blockchain that evolves faster than Tezos thanks to its modular design and dedication from several development teams in the ecosystem. This is a great time to provide a refresher from Nomadic Labs on what to expect from Lima:

Development of next-generation enshrined optimistic rollups on Tezos is progressing steadily. Functioning rollups implemented in Rust are currently running in our test suite.

These rollups will however not be part of the Lima protocol upgrade proposal, as more time needs to be spent on validation, testing, and integration with ecosystem tools before they can be activated on Mainnet.

We highly encourage ecosystem participants to start experimenting with these rollups on the Mondaynet testnet, where they are already activated. Broad testing and feedback from the ecosystem is invaluable in our efforts to minimize the risk of undetected issues upon Mainnet activation. More on this further below.

Now, let’s look at the series of improvements to Tezos functionality contained in the Lima upgrade proposal.

Our pipelining work continues to separate validation from application of operations and blocks in order to speed up their processing. It may not sound sexy, but this is an important part of increasing Layer 1 throughput on Tezos.

A quick distinction:

  • Validating means performing basic checks, such as the cryptographic signature being valid, and that there are funds to pay fees. This is a light and quick process.

  • Applying means executing the full contents of the operation, whether a simple transaction or a complex contract call. This can be much more computationally intensive and hence time consuming for the node.

The Kathmandu upgrade reduced the number of times manager operations are applied by a node before it is propagated through the network. This minimizes the delay introduced with each node, as blocks and operations are gossiped through the peer-to-peer network.

The Lima protocol proposal extends pipelined validation to all remaining classes of operations, and to blocks themselves. When receiving a new block from its peers, a node will only check the validity of the block before forwarding it to other peers, speeding up block propagation on the network. Afterwards, the node will then apply the block.

The upcoming step will be to extend pipelined validation to block production itself, reducing the effort (and hence time) required for bakers to propose new blocks. Along with further upcoming optimizations, this opens the door to reduced block times.

We are happy to introduce consensus keys — a feature which has been highly requested by bakers.

Consensus keys allow bakers to designate a special key — separate from the baker address key — for signing blocks and consensus operations, such as (pre)endorsements. The proposed implementation lets bakers change their consensus key without changing the baker’s public address.

Rotating keys is generally good practice in computer security. And this feature will be of great benefit in situations where:

  • There are concerns about a baker’s private key having been compromised.

  • A baker using a Key Management System (KMS) or Hardware Security Module (HSM) wishes to switch to a different setup. These generally don’t allow key extraction.

  • There is loss of access. E.g., if a geographically remote baking setup using KMS/HSM fails. With consensus keys, the baker can remotely deploy a new setup under the same baking address.

Hence, a baker’s delegators no longer need to actively redelegate to a new address, which was cumbersome and required off-chain coordination, reducing the chance of reaching all of the baker’s delegators.

The consensus key feature is based on contributions made by G.-B. Fefe (anonymous contributor) and Nicolas Ochem. As a reward for their involvement, invoices of respectively 15,000 and 10,000 tez are included in the Lima proposal.

We are deprecating creation, storage and transfer of zero-amount tickets. This removes a source of inconvenience and reduces the risk of bugs in smart contracts, but introduces a breaking change in the TICKET instruction.

Furthermore, we added ticket ownership updates to transaction receipts. This enables indexers to maintain a table that tracks which accounts own what tickets by traversing the receipts.

The change to receipts was introduced after fruitful meetings with ecosystem actors, and we are happy to collaborate with the ecosystem in this way and implement their valuable feedback.

In Lima, receipts will include this information for ticket minting/removal within a single contract and transfers between originated contracts. In upcoming upgrades, we will cover all combinations of transactions between implicit accounts, originated accounts, and rollups. A design document can be found here.

During the migration from Jakarta to Kathmandu on the Ghostnet test network, two problems arose, that are fixed in Lima:

  • The VDF feature activated itself with the same difficulty as on Mainnet, but cycles on Ghostnet are ¼ of Mainnet! So it’s impossible to do the required computation within the allocated time frame. For this reason, the VDF challenge’s difficulty on Ghostnet is now set to ¼ of Mainnet’s.

  • The length of a voting period on Ghostnet was changed from two cycles to one cycle. However, due to the way a protocol upgrade is executed, a “time until next period”-counter became negative after Kathmandu was activated, leading Ghostnet to not advance through voting periods automatically. Therefore, a ‘force reset’ of the voting period is scheduled for Ghostnet’s migration to Lima, should the proposal be adopted by the community.

That's not all, now that Lima is en route to being implemented, the various development teams building on Tezos have already given a preview of the next protocol proposal, Mumbai.

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